Canon Business Analysis Essay Example for Free

Canon Business Analysis Essay In 1925, a German camera maker named Oskar Barnack, developed a new, ground-breaking camera called the Leica. It was not until 1933 that a company responded to the success of Barnack’s creation and produced their own 35 millimeter version of his innovative design. Thus was born the Canon Company. By the 1950’s, Canon attained the title of leading producer of cameras in Japan. Since that time, Canon has made it a point to expand and diversify their company as much as possible. They are able to accomplish this primarily through a strong Research and Development program. Through this program, Canon has explored many different technologies such as home electronics and x-ray technology. One of the first product areas they explored was in the electronic calculator segment. Due to the complex nature of the technology, Canon’s engineers were forced to adapt and develop the intricate micro-electric processors that were being used. They were very successful in doing this. In late 1964, one year after their research started, Canon engineers presented top management with the finished product, the Canola 130. This product became the world’s first 10-key numeric pad calculator. However, Canon has not always succeeded in their endeavors. With every triumph comes a failure. One such instance was a printing device that utilized magnetic material that would coat the paper. They called this the Synchroreader. Although it was touted for its use of technology, the application, it was not patented. Another company took the design, improved it, and made it more affordable. Canon learned its lesson after that instance. Body In 1961, a new technology was developed by the Xerox Corporation. In the following years, with the success of their model 914 office copier, Xerox would enjoy a reported ninety three percent market share world wide. Xerox also had the advantage in that they held approximately five hundred patents. This tactic prevented other companies from intruding on their Plain Paper Copier (PPC) technology. Canon entered the market late in the 1960’s and was looked at with a skeptical eye. They were the â€Å"camera company from Japan† (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 75) and were not looked at as serious contenders in the photocopy market. Due to the PPC market being cornered by Xerox and their numerous patents, Canon instead moved into the Coated Paper Copying (CPC) market. This technology transfers the reflection of the original image directly to the special zinc oxide coated paper. This is in direct contrast from the PPC technology which uses regular paper and indirectly transfers the image using a rotating drum and charged particles. A similar technology is still being used in fax and photocopiers today. In 1962, while still in the inferior Coated Paper Copying and marketing under a separate name, the Top Management of Canon challenged their engineers to create a PPC process that would not infringe upon the patents held by Xerox. The engineers answered with the â€Å"New Process† in 1968 and became the first copier to carry the Canon name. Two years later the research came to fruition when the NP1100 was released in Japan. This model utilized dry toner and copied at a whopping rate of ten pages per minute. This, of course, is slow by today’s standards. Canon had finally broken into the PPC market. Riding on the success of this new technology, Canon released the NPL7 in 1972, marketing it exclusively to Japanese companies. This model contained several noticeable improvements over the first generation NP1100. Most notably is that the model was â€Å"More economical, more compact, more reliable,† while still keeping the same quality of copy. (Mintzberg, et al 2003, p. 77) Canon’s Top Management began looking for alternative markets for the Plain Paper Copier in the latter half of the 1970’s. The small office market was identified as Canon’s next target market. They devised a plan to accommodate this market by producing a photocopier, using PPC technology, and offering it to small businesses that did not require the large volume, high speed machines that were currently being offered on the market. The concept itself had the potential to change the market by decentralizing the office photocopier. Prior to this innovation, the photocopier in large offices were centralized to one corner of the office, primarily due to its mammoth size. In 1979, Canon’s concept became a resounding reality. They were able to produce a photocopier that not only met and exceeded the cost and reliability targets that were set by Top Management, but in a more practical application, it was able to reduce the need for constant and continual copier maintenance. Based upon previous experience with patent law, Canon employed the use those laws to protect their new found development. Through the years, Canon has demonstrated several core competencies that have enabled them to propel themselves to the top of the market. First and foremost, Canon has employed a pool of extremely talented engineers who made up Canon’s Research and Development team. Through their research, Canon was able to uncover new and innovative products. This varied product line, which included cameras, calculators, and photocopiers, demonstrates Canon’s diversified product line. This diverse line of merchandise is integral to the company’s survival and has enabled Canon to take a multifaceted approach to technological competition. The more diverse type of products that are offered, the more chances there are for success. This has not always worked out in Canon’s favor however. An example of this would be in the development of the synchroreader. Although the technology was much more advanced than what was on the market, poor marketing decisions and an ignorance of United States patent laws cost Canon that share of the market. Since that time, Canon has taken a step by step approach to their marketing strategies. This is especially apparent with the development and marketing of the NP110 copier. They began by distributing the unit in Japan only in a direct sales format. In doing so a company opens themselves up to the threat of collapse due to spreading themselves too thin. Secondly, we can surmise that an isolated marketing strategy, such as the one that Canon employed when marketing their copier to local Japanese dealers first, will be more effective in the long run. By distributing the product locally at first you can focus on close to home customers rather than across seas customers. Finally, a truly cost effective manufacturing process can be more beneficial at times than the products that come off the assembly lines themselves.

Comparing Brontes Wuthering Heights and Dickens Coketown Essay

Comparing Bronte's Wuthering Heights and Dickens Coketown      Ã‚   Throughout British Literature, compositions created by honored literary artists reflect current dominant lifestyles. The differences in prevailing environments are visible when comparing Emily Bronte's Withering Heights and Charles Dickens Coketown. Bronte reveals the wild unbinding freedom available though country living predominate in the late 17th and early 18th century, whereas Dickens explains the disheartening effects of industrialization, which caused massive urbanization and numerous negative consequences. Within both works, the authors portrayed the lifestyles their culture encouraged.    Rural households, spaced several miles apart, were common during Bronte's lifetime, therefore it is no surprise that she chose this enjoyable environment to set her scene for her novel which so closely mirrored her life. The moors surrounding Withering Heights remind each reader of the tranquil lifestyle enjoyed by the British at this juncture in their history. As pointed out in Seminar 1, "travel was not an easy chore" at this time, thus making frequent visiting among neighbors impossible (Seminar 1 J.H.). Therefore, it is understandable that women occupied their time knitting and gossiping (Seminar 1 K.T.). The women of Withering Heights portray this idol lifestyle. When Lockwood meets Cathy 2, she is idly setting in the apartment. Cathy 1 receives many tongue-lashings for her wild adventures in the moors as a girl. Later in her life, after her marriage to Edgar Linton, she realizes her position is to remain at the house and receive visitors there. These women represent the expecte d lifestyle of women during the romantic period.    Personal feelings an... ...hese terms infer the results of abandonment of faith and religion, vividly displaying the differences of the two periods.    Each author portrayed darkness of the soul in a separate way, just like the characteristics and origins of the darkness are separate. This turning from describing a revolting nature to a desecrated nature graphically describes the atmosphere in each period. Individual struggles dominated Bronte's time where societal hardships, resulting from technological and industrial advances, governed Dickens and his contemporaries.    Works Cited Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Bronte, Emily.   Wuthering Heights. Norton Critical ed.   3rd ed.   Ed. William M. Sale, Jr., and Richard J. Dunn.   New York:   W. W. Norton, 1990.

Buddhism in the United States

It has almost become part of a regular routine. Like a habit. Practitioners enter this type of monastery to chant and meditate using Tibetan mantras while sitting cross-legged on mats, simultaneously being led by a lama. Their surroundings – bright Tibetan paintings – depict of a scene quite unfamiliar from their own. Indeed this picture can portray an Asian vista, but it is not in Asia.This is private in the Rime Center, located just off Interstate 35 in Kansas City, identified as one of approximately 1,000 Buddhist centers in the United States (Browning, 2007). In 2006, National Geographic magazine accounted that Buddhism has become one of United States’ religion with an increasing number of supporters, given an estimated 1. 5% of the country’s total population (Jan Hai, 2006). This is strongly held up by an established 2,000 Buddhist societies and associations of various sizes found in the United States (Jan Hai, 2006).To further highlight the prevalenc e of Buddhism in the West, Dalai Lama, the Tibetan leader, has done several visits to cities of the United States for public talks and other forms of assemblies with young peacemakers, scientists, the academe, business executives and to all other budding faithful Americans (Lampman, 2006). According to the 2006 edition of the Christian Science Monitor, â€Å"Dalai Lama’s visits spotlights the fact that with 1. 5 million adherents, Buddhism is America’s fourth largest religion. †Buddhism is steadily growing in the region and is incessantly spreading as American-born leaders present this traditionally ancient belief structured into the Western perspective and conditions (Lampman, 2006). America, with its diverse environment and cultures for Buddhism, lays out a unique history on how this religion laid its foundation and further distinguished itself towards a continuing process of development in the nation (Wikipedia, 2007). Buddhism making History in the United St ates Buddhism originated as a progeny of Hinduism in India (Zukeran, 1994). Founded by Siddharta Gautama (the Enlightened One) in the 6th century B.C. , Buddhism’s central focus is to sought the answer of the existence of pain and suffering in this world (Browning, 2007). The basic teachings of Buddhism – the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-fold Path – aim to address these. It is only through the total self-annihilation of desires made by following these teachings is one able to attain the eternal state of being called, Nirvana (Zukeran, 1994). This belief was carried on to various parts of Asia, with almost every denomination represented: Southeast Asian, Vietnamese, Tibetan, Korean, Chinese and Japanese varieties of ancient Buddhism (Gross, 2005).Buddhism endlessly spread across Asia. James Browning, an English Pastor of Englewood Baptist Church noted that Buddhism came to the United States in the 20th century due to three factors: (1) large number of Asian Bu ddhist immigrants, and the contact of Westerners with Asia during and after the World War II; (2) diaspora of Buddhist leaders from Tibet, China and Southeast Asia instigated by the Marxist Revolutions; and (3) the various missionary activities of Buddhist teachers in the United States (Browning, 2007).With the Asian immigrants spreading across the United States with their teachings in Buddhism, American intellectuals were starting to become involved and took interest to this religion or belief. (Wikipedia, 2007). To name a few, Englishmen William Jones and Charles Wilkins initiated translation works from Sanskrit to English to comprehend the ancient religion. Even Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson took the extra mile in understanding the Buddhist philosophy and published later the first English version of the Lotus Sutra.Henry Steel Olcott was the first popular American to publicly convert himself to the religion. And the most remarkable event in the history of Buddhism i n America was when the World Parliament of Religions was held in Chicago in 1893 to pave way for a public forum wherein Buddhists can freely communicate with the rest of the Western public (Wikipedia, 2007). Types of Buddhism in the United States With the successful emergence of Buddhism in the United States, even to date, both immigrants and native-born continue to practice Buddhism in diverse forms (Browning, 2007).According to some scholars such as Charles Prebish, three broad types of Buddhism in America are predominantly being carried out (Wikipedia, 2007). The oldest and largest is the â€Å"immigrant† or what is called â€Å"ethnic Buddhism†. The next oldest and what is accorded to be the most evident is the â€Å"import Buddhism†, which is also sometimes called as â€Å"elite Buddhism†. Finally, the newest sect of Buddhism actively purported in America from various backgrounds is the â€Å"export† or â€Å"evangelical Buddhism† (Wiki pedia, 2007).The differences and distinctions of these three types will be elaborated further below. Immigrant Buddhism is largely the Buddhist tradition brought about by the early Asian Buddhist settlers in the United States. This is home to the Buddhists from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and from nearly all other Buddhist country in the world over (Wikipedia, 2007). The largest national immigrant Buddhism in the United States is the Buddhist Churches of America or the BCA. Japanese immigrants founded this organization and are linked with the Jodo Shinshu (Pure Land) branch of Buddhism.Its model has incorporated certain devotional practices with the likes of American Protestantism (Browning, 2007). Import Buddhism on the one hand, has its nature as its definition. As American intellectuals seek the truth and pursue a quest from a variety of countries in Asia, three trends of Import Buddhism have emerged, as follows: Zen, Tibetan Buddhism and Vipassana (caused b y Theravada Buddhism). (Wikipedia, 2007). Several Zen centers are already situated in the United States with emphasis on sitting meditation (zazen), and are being taught by a master (roshi).Zen is able to attract individuals due to its minimalism, its center of attention on both spontaneity and discipline, its mystique, its appeal with the arts (examples of its respective poetry includes haiku, gardening, ink landscape paintings, and No Theater) and its likeness towards martial arts (Browning, 2007). Tibetan Buddhism stems from its ancestors’ teachings with the most prominent Buddhist teacher in the world as their current Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. He has attracted a number of celebrities in the Hollywood arena and ahs established a series of meditation centers, also called as Dharmadhatu (Wikipedia, 2007).Currently there are four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism in the West: the Gelug, the Kagyu, the Nyingma, and the Sakya (Wikipedia, 2007). The last trend of Import Buddhis m is Vipassana which is rooted from Theravada teachings. With a rough translation of â€Å"insight meditation†, Vipassana’s ancient meditative practices aim to simplify ritual and other ceremonial activities in order to achieve a more effective and available-to-all type of meditation. This sect is more open to lay involvement which sets Theravada differently amongst other teachings (Wikipedia, 2007).Import Buddhism was earlier noted as an â€Å"elite Buddhism†, reason being is the nature of its origins. The elite American society with its keen interest to know more of the religion tends to go overseas in various Asian regions to pursue their explorations. Lastly, Export Buddhism focused on recruiting converts from the public, one of which is Soka Gakkai’s Nichiren Buddhism. Nicheren Shoshu of America or NSA’s goal is world peace and harmony which can be achieved by the total transformation of lives. Their central focus in their meditation centers a re on the Buddhist sculpture, the Lotus Sutra. (Browning, 2007).NSA actively promotes its chanting of mantra expressing its allegiance to the Lotus Sutra. The most distinct feature that sets Soka Gakkai apart is its meditative technique solely articulated through chanting. Over the years, Buddhism in the United States has developed and made itself suitable to its environment. With the numerous sects branching out from Buddhism, it is not unlikely that another trend has developed in the West: socially engaged Buddhism. With the notion of quietism and passive approach to the society, this new trend sets to bring forth Buddhism in a different angle – moving it outside its norms.Engaged Buddhism is simply to apply its values and teachings to a wider and more involved spectrum in the society. This may concern the environment, political issues and community welfare. (Wikipedia, 2007). Role of Buddhism in Revolutionizing the West With all these sectors of Buddhism prevalent in the U nited States, another question boils down, regardless which sect you are involved into: What is it in Buddhism that has created an enormous appeal, interest and following in the Western way of living?Perhaps what is drawing people is Buddhism’s non-missionizing approach that suits the American’s search for more meaningful spiritual ways (Lampman, 2006). According to Lama Surya Das, a highly-trained American lama in the Tibetan tradition, â€Å"they are not building big temples, but offering wisdom, and ways of reconciliation and peacemaking, which are so much needed. † (Lampman, 2006). Westerners are in search of meaning of their traditional spiritual practices, and they have found answers in the transformative practices of meditation.Though this may suggest Buddhism as being able to serve as one of the answers being sought after by the faithful Americans, it should also be noted that the entry of Buddhism in the United States, particularly in North America was not as natural. Americanization of Buddhism: Its Limitations Americanization of Buddhism has emerged due to the convert Buddhists whose concerns are primarily different from those of traditionally Buddhist populations (Gross, 2005). Convert Buddhists find the Asian culture forms encase Buddhism in an uncomfortable manner (Gross, 2005).They have therefore developed approaches to Buddhist teachings that suits best their new religious identity in the Western point of view. In addition to the controversial topic of â€Å"Americanization† of Buddhism, the role of women was also tapped as another concern in the United States. It can be observed that in almost all major world religions, it is always male-dominated, similar to that of Buddhism. With Japan as an exception, another feature to note is that all traditional Buddhist societies or associations are empowered by lay-monastic dichotomy.Male denouncers for their religion are often labeled with prestige and honor, yet it is the other way around for women. Finally a deeper complication surfaced. The very teachings of Buddhism, when extrapolated, can be seen as depicting mostly lineage ancestors of men (Gross, 2005). Nevertheless, this did not hinder American women from participating in American Buddhism. It is apparent that women had taken the task in meditation centers and other Buddhist forums.Based on some observers, they claim that this is the most noticeable difference between Asian and American Buddhist centers (Gross, 2005). This seemingly key concern of women involvement in American Buddhism can be highly attributed to the second wave of feminism simultaneously occurring when the Asian Buddhist immigrants arrived in the United States. They say that if it were not for this coincidence, the face of American Buddhism will have changed forever (Gross, 2005). Buddhism Side by Side ChristianityAmerican Buddhism clearly made its mark in the region being the fourth-largest religion, after Christianity, Juda ism and Islam (Lampman, 2006). According to Dr. Seager, a professor of religious studies in Hamilton College, immigrants from Asia may have accounted for 67% of the total and the converts around one-third. Christianity being the number one religion practiced in the United States can be set in a comparative study between Buddhism to further illustrate what sets the two apart and how the two are so different (Zukeran, 1994). Here is a brief review of these two religions.As much of the Buddhist scriptures, Lotus Sutra for instance, were written hundreds of years after the death of Gautama, the factor of accuracy is questioned. In Christianity, however, the Bible is made of human testaments, of eyewitnesses surrounding the life of Jesus and the events taking place then (Zukeran, 1994). The concept of â€Å"God† also differs between the two religions. Buddhists claims that the Absolute does not play a vital role in their everyday living, unlike for Christians, where God is the cen tral of the universe – omnipotent and omniscient.The Christian God is a personal god (Zukeran, 1994). It was also made clear that Buddha is not deity. Jesus, on the other hand, claimed to be God, the Saviour of mankind. Although various sects in general sees Buddha as having a status of god, Buddha clearly and solely sees himself as the way-shower of Nirvana (Zukeran, 1994). The final distinction that can be illustrated further here is the concept of the final destination – where does one religion aim to go to? Buddhism does not aim for salvation or life after death as with Christianity.After the resurrection of Jesus Christ, Christians no longer fear death as they themselves have witnessed that their God did conquered the grave. Buddhists hope to enter the state of Nirvana, despite its unclear description of what it really is (Zukeran, 1994). Intensification of Buddhism in the United States Finally, Buddhism has definitely proven its firm foundation in the Western cul ture when the variety of Buddhist groups started establishing institutions of higher learning in America. (Wikipedia, 2007). Naropa University was the first four-year Buddhist College in the U.S, founded by Chogyam Trungpa. It is a fully accredited institution which offers degrees not necessarily or not directly related to Buddhism. His Lai University is also another Buddhist university. There is also the Dharma Realm Buddhist University which is a four-year college university offering mainly subjects into Buddhism, but also including generalized ones. BCA runs its own Institute of Buddhist Studies in California which offers a seminary-type of Buddhist Studies (Wikipedia, 2007). The contemplative practice of Buddhism infiltrated successfully that of the United States.The Buddhist experience continuously challenges its practitioners and adherents to cope with the cultural demands and social implications, at the same time, to reap and share the merits of this religion. It goes on furt her, as the sphere of influence of Buddhism in the United States is still in-progress. References James Browning. (2007). Buddhism in the United States. Retrieved from www. ethicsdaily. com Jan Hai. (2006). Spread of Buddhism. Retrieved from www. bjreview. com Jane Lampman. (2006). American Buddhism on the Rise. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from www. csmonitor.com Pat Zukeran. (1994). Buddhism. Retrieved from www. leaderu. com Rita M. Gross. (2005). How American Women Are Changing Buddhism. Retrieved from www. shambhalasun. com Ven. Mahinda Deegalle. (2004). Buddhist Experience in North America. Retrieved from www. uri. org Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2007). Buddhism in the United States. Retrieved from www. wikipedia. org Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2006). Buddhism in the United States. Retrieved from www. wikipedia. org Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2006). Timeline of Buddhism. Retrieved from www. wikipedia. org

Analysis of Aristotle and Platos Thoughts Essay - 985 Words

Philosophers are all known for questioning and exploring Ideals; taking a look at all options and what is most important. While Aristotle and Plato both take a plunge into the unknowns of a political state, Aristotle demonstrates a state for individuals, to rule as equals, contrary to Plato’s strict utopian structure and group over individual hierarchy view of the ideal state. Plato’s ideal state is strictly structured through a utopian ideal. Everything within Plato’s ideal state has a place and purpose, and everyone within it is aware of that. While the state works for the people as a whole instead of individual, Plato also proposes the idea of propaganda to mold even the lowest of his utopia into model citizens for the†¦show more content†¦Aristotle and Plato are both at opposite sides of the political spectrum. As Plato â€Å"Rejected individualism and democracy and argues for the subordination of the individual to the supreme power of the state,† (â€Å"Ideal† 54) Aristotle instead argues that â€Å"Both governors and governed have duties to perform; the special functions of a governor to command and to judge. But if the citizens of a state are to judge and to distribute offices according to merit, then they must know each other’s characters,† (Politics 1). In Plato’s politics the i ndividual citizens only job is being ruled by the government. Citizens of the state are subordinate â€Å"to the supreme power of the state,† (â€Å"Ideal† 54), however, for Aristotle’s state bothâ€Å"governors and governed have duties to perform,† (Politics 1). Plato’s state works for the whole in a way that benefits the state. Aristotle’s state works together with the people to achieve individual happiness. Structure of a state is the essence of the state. For Plato,, the structure is purely a hierarchy, with those more capable of rule at the top and everyone else subordinate. As for Aristotle, the structure of his ideal state is a rotation of power between equal free men. Plato’s hierarchy coincides with the tripartite soul in his ethics, â€Å"Like theShow MoreRelatedReconciling The Divergence Of The Nature Of Man Between Classic And Modern Thinkers1425 Words   |  6 PagesReconciling the Divergence of the Nature of Man between Classic and Modern Thinkers Within Book 2 of Plato’s work The Republic, Socrates’ companion Glaucon describes the tale of the ring of Gyges, challenging Socrates on the nature of man. Within the ring of Gyges scenario, Glaucon posits that when an individual has the power granted by a ring of absolute invisibility that grants impunity, â€Å"no one [†¦] would be so incorruptible that he would stay on the path of justice or stay away from other people’sRead MoreAbsolute Realism Vs. Hylemorphism1309 Words   |  6 Pagesancient thinkers in the history of philosophy, their works continue to have great historical value. In the realm of metaphysics, Plato and Aristotle are both regarded as realists, and their philosophical ideas hold some similarities, but Aristotle is more considered as â€Å"moderate realist,† compared to Plato as an â€Å"absolute realist.† Generally speaking, Plato’s interpretation of â€Å"what is real,† reflected in his absolute realism, differs from that of Aristotle’s, reflected in his hylemorphism, to aRead MoreCritical Analysis of Plato and Aristotle1634 Words   |  7 PagesPAPER ON POL 311 (HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT) TOPIC A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLES POLITICAL THOUGHT WRITTEN BY OKWOR, STEPHEN USHIE 09/ED/EF/814 DEPT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS (POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT) FACULTY OF EDUCATION SUBMITTED TO DR. EJERE DEPT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF UYO, UYO AKWA IBOM STATE MAY, 2012 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLES POLITICAL THOUGHT In order to compare these great philosophersRead MoreAristotle And Plato s Philosophy1688 Words   |  7 Pages) Professor Armstrong CC 5 October 2015 Aristotle and Plato are famous for their many works in the philosophical field. Specifically, the Republic by Plato and Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle seem to be their most popular works. In these works they discuss things that are needed to achieve the â€Å"good life† both on an individual level and on a societal level. There is some variance between what the two philosophers think can create the â€Å"good life.† They explore the concepts of eudaimonia, virtueRead MoreConceptions of the Soul Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesPlato (in Phaedo) and Aristotle (in De Anima) present two fundamentally different conceptions of the soul. Through an analysis of their frameworks and genre, and whether their methods are plausible, it can be concluded that Aristotles formulation of the soul is more compelling than that of Plato. According to Plato, the body and the soul are separate entities. The soul is capable of existing before life of the body and after death of the body and it is constant, unchanging and non-physicalRead MoreHistorical Views of Leadership: Plato and Aristotle1320 Words   |  6 Pagesbegin with Herodotus of ancient Athens, it is not surprising that we should examine the historical views of leadership through the eyes of two titans of Greek thought: Plato and Aristotle. Both men lived in 4th century BCE Athens, so much of their background and experience was shared. Aristotle was the younger of the two, and he was Plato’s student. Where leadership is concerned, both philosophers agreed that the â€Å"best men† should rule, and that the purpose of leadership was the betterment of theRead MoreEssay about Comparison of Plato and Aristotle’s Philosophies1217 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle’s Philosophies Plato and Aristotle are both great philosophers in their own regard. Both agree that the world has a purpose, and that it’s not just an accident. Both also hate materialists since in their (materialists’) interpretation of the world, value, choice, and freedom are not plausible outcomes, and so morality and rationality do not make sense. And both ask the same question, what does it take to be a good, moral person? Yet, even though Aristotle was a student of Plato, each philosopherRead MoreThe Development of Ancient Greece through Philosophic Evolution732 Words   |  3 Pagestoward a material aspect on the physical nature of things, Socrates and his disciples established an influential analysis into philosophy as the modern world knows it today, which spurred into stoicism, epicureanism, skepticism, and Neoplatonism during the time. This analytic foundation provides the basis for today’s metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and logic. This revolution of thought began with the pre-Socratics. Initiated by Thales of Miletus, others who followed him (Anaximander, AnaximenesRead MoreAristotle Impact on Law765 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle (384 - 322 BC), was a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in a various ways. Aristotle was born in Stagira in northern Greece, and as a young man he studied in Platos Academy in Athens. After Platos death he left Athens to proceed in philosophical and biological research in Asia Minor and Lesbos, and he was then invited by King Philip II of Macedonia to tutor his youngRead MorePlatos Influence on the Western Civilization950 Words   |  4 Pagestheoretical appearances, and analysis, and posting of theories and precepts, which gave birth to the present knowledge in psychology, religion, and other disciplines of study in the world. It is with immediate agreement tha t Plato had a lot of influence on the western civilization. Plato had an extensive relation to western civilization (Mason, 2010). Plato is seen as an important figure in western civilization in many ways. For instance, early Christianity is a product of Platos activities and contributions

The Inequalities Of Food Distribution Essay - 1241 Words

In the past, human beings lived completely based on hunting animals and gathering natural fruits and vegetables to support their daily diet, which is known as hunting and gathering societies. Because of relatively small population size, people lived together as a small group, helped one another work, and shared the amount of food equally. However, the advancement of new technology and the booming population have transformed lives in this modern world. Since the rise of industrialization, unequal food distribution is seen as a problem resulting from wealth imbalance and growing population. Nowadays, the poor are getting poorer and living in hunger while the rich are getting richer and eating wastefully every day. Consequently, the inequalities in food distribution pattern should be a major concern, as they threaten the social condition, equitable and sustainable development in all world regions. Firstly, overeating-related illnesses and famine are good indicators showing why the unequ al allocation of food to human beings should be considered as a main problem. In industrialized societies people consume most of the world’s resources since they possess a great deal of wealth and thus, have a better access to these resources. Particularly in the United States (US), an incredibly large number of Americans consume far more energy than those of the other less-developed nations. To illustrate, the energy consumed by an average American is as much as that consumed by 13 Chinese, 31Show MoreRelatedSocial Policies And Welfare And Social Issues1621 Words   |  7 Pagessector. As the textbook reads, the persistence of poverty remains the primary motivator for most social policy today (Bianco 450). The rapid growth of social policy is proving that the rate of income inequality in the United States is growing at a steady pace. For example, the income distribution from 1979 to 2009 the average income of the top 1 percent grew by $700,000 to $1,220,100 (a 133 percent g ain), compared to a $2,600 gain to $18,900 (16 percent) for the bottom fifth of the income levelsRead MoreCorrelation Between Race And Health Inequalities905 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Determinants of Health, I have the opportunity to examine the relationship between race and health inequalities. Race is a significant predictor of the distribution of health inequalities as it is quite notable that people with similar biological traits seem to experience a non-random distribution of morbidity and mortality. There are various underlying factors of health inequalities in relation to race. This report will focus on the scientific misconception of racism, the consequences ofRead MoreIs Inequity A Big Problem? The United States?1714 Words   |  7 Pageshow income is distributed through causes of income inequality, social status, and even how the government interventions is trying to alleviate income inequity. What is income inequality? First we must define what exactly income inequality really is and that is according to Definition of ‘Income Inequality’ (2015) said to be unequal income distributed to household or individual across the various participants in an economy. Income inequality is often presented as the percentage of income to aRead MoreMicroeconomics : Income And The United States1702 Words   |  7 Pageshow income is distributed through causes of income inequality, social status, and even how the government interventions is trying to alleviate income inequity. What is income inequality? First we must define what exactly income inequality really is and that is according to Definition of ‘Income Inequality’ (2015) said to be unequal income distributed to household or individual across the various participants in an economy. Income inequality is often presented as the percentage of income to aRead MorePHI2604 income distribution Essay661 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Patricia Pupo Professor Matthew Sang PHI 2604 26 November 2014 Income Distribution This essay will discuss if current income distribution has a negative impact in the society because of the inequality that exists. What is income distribution? It is how a national income is split between different groups. Rights theory worries as the name says it, about people rights, and action is good if it respects the people’s rights. There are two kinds of rights, positive and negative. The first one relatesRead MoreEconomic Growth And Inequality Of Opportunity1672 Words   |  7 PagesIDPM60711: Economic Development Theoretical link between economic growth and inequality of opportunity ‘The case of the Arab Spring’ Word count: 1654 Introduction Global discourse around the issue of growing inequality and specifically inequality of opportunity has come to the fore in recent years driven by violent public action witnessed in the spring of 2011. A little southern town in Tunisia known as Sidi Bouzoid in December 2010 took global centre stage in the push for economic emancipationRead MoreSocial Inequalities Within New Zealand Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will be discussing the social inequalities within New Zealand. These inequalities can include unequal income, education and healthcare. Through extensive research of academic resources, I will be discussing how educational, family, social and political factors contribute to the development of these inequalities. I will also be providing a line graph that shows the unequal income between classes and a second line graph that demonstrates the difference in student success between high decileRead MorePoverty Inequality And Economic Growth1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to investigate the extent in which poverty, inequality and economic growth are related. These three dimensions are regularly perceived as indices of the complex and multidimensional concept of ‘economic development’. This term is not black and white however: it is a concept that is more than just merely income analysis. Poverty can be broken down into two separate definitions: absolute and relative. Absolute poverty describes the position of an individual who is livingRead MoreEssay Inequality of Wealth and Income Distribution in America1357 Words   |  6 PagesInequality of Wealth and Income Distribution in America Every American dreams of finding a job that pays well enough so that they may comfortably take care of their loved ones and themselves for years to come. Most Americans hope to find some way to make a living that they enjoy, something that they view as productive. Unfortunately, many do not have this luxury. In our society, a good portion of the population is forced to hold the base of our country in place while hardly being redeemedRead MoreSocial Income Inequality Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesA major social problem in America today is its inequality of the distribution of income. Income inequality refers to the gap between the rich and the poor. The United States has the most unequal income distribution in the industrialized world, and it is growing at a faster rate than any other industrialized country (Eitzen Leedham, pg. 37). The main reason as to why income is distributed so unequally is because of the gap between social classes. Each social class has a certain power, and

Iranian Revolution and Comic Book Persepolis - 1136 Words

Persepolis The memoir of Marjane Satrapi growing up in Iran is written as a very personal account in the comic book Persepolis. This is a story that describes her life during the Islamic Revolution which includes her moral, physical, religious, and psychological struggles she endured. Being the setting of a bloody war with Iraq, Iran was not the ideal environment Marjane’s parents wanted her to grow up in. Persepolis represents a unique life of a child in Tehran, Iran and the actions she took in order to survive the political upheaval her country was facing. Marjane Satrapi is of great importance in teaching us the hardships of life during war as well as the history of her country. Persepolis was chosen to be on the summer reading†¦show more content†¦Before things get better for Satrapi, they get worse. Her first real boyfriend cheats on her and she leaves the place she is staying because she becomes fed up with the owner. She is now out of money and homeless, but goes to the home of her mother’s friend where her parents call her and beg her to come home. The climax in this part of the story occurs during the transition between her homelessness and her return to Iran. Going back home does not solve her problems though. She cannot escape the image of war in her home country and she tries to commit suicide, but somehow lives. She ends up marrying a man named Reza and they attend a university together, but later decide to get a divorce because they do not love each other any longer. The war has ended by 1988 and Marjane realizes that her ultimate resolution is to leave Iran and live in France for the rest of her life. The actions of Marjane Satrapi are very admirable during her country’s time of chaos. When she felt that she was being treated unfairly, she spoke up and questioned others in a dignified manner without being insulting. However, many of the authority figures claimed that questioning them was insulting them so she was sometimes pun ished. When Marjane and her classmates were being told that they must wear long veils and loose clothing she stood up in front of the class and asked why they must be so covered up when the boys were not required to dress to the same degree. This wasShow MoreRelatedMarjane Satrapis Persepolis: A Personal Version and Vision of the Iranian Revolution1341 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis: Marjane Satrapis personal version and vision of the Iranian Revolution Marjane Satrapis Persepolis is a graphic novel that suggests that there is a sharp discrepancy between the world of the Iranian Revolution, as depicted in the Western media, versus how many Iranians experienced it in the context of their own lives. Satrapi was the product of a liberal home environment. Behind closed doors, the life the young Marjane led was often very different from the images of burka-wearingRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution And The Revolutionary Revolution1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iranian Revolution was its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by its supports. Supporters of the revolution stood mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader of Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to instal l an IslamicRead MoreThe Rise Of The Iranian Revolution1375 Words   |  6 PagesIranian Revolution was its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by its supports. Supporters of the revolution were very mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader for Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install an IslamicRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution Of Iran1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iranian Revolution was at its climax in 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by it’s supports. Supporters of the revolution stood mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed th e Shah as not being a positive leader of Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install anRead MorePersepolis : An Autobiographical Graphic Novel987 Words   |  4 PagesPersepolis is an autobiographical graphic novel by Iranian born author Marjane Satrapi. It is the story of her life leading up to, and during the Iranian revolution. In the novel, Satrapi quickly addresses an existential question, that of world justice. Even at the young age of six, she puts forward the notion that she would become a prophet, which is her way of countering the injustices that she sees as inherent in her world. This particular question is one that has stymied mankind from the beginningRead MorePersepolis : The Invisible Art Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPersepolis In graphic memoir Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi illustrates the eventful life of Marji, an Iranian girl’s living most of her life in Tehran, Iran during the Islamic Revolution. The author commences her story as child and creates a timeline of series of events as she enters adulthood. Marji, represents many disenfranchise women, as she faces discrimination, exile, and confusion in her own country. Uniquely, Starapi’s work can be a justification to prove Scott McCloud’s design theories inRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1728 Words   |  7 PagesMarjane Satrapi deliberately uses an interesting layout usually used in successful comic books that convey deep messages. The layout of the graphics in Persepolis include elements such as panels, gutters, and graphic weight. The panels, or distinct segments of a comic containing a combination of images and texts, provide transitions that are instantaneous and direct. For example, on page seven, Satrapi uses a panel to show an innocent conversation with her grandmother about the rules she will assignRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1646 Words   |  7 Pages Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis is an expressive memoir of her growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution, the fall of the Shah’s regime and the Iran-Iraq War. Unlike conventional memoirs, she uses the black-and-white comic book form to find her identity through politics and her personal experiences in Iran and it has become effective and relevant in today’s society because she is a normal person that has had to live through extreme circumstances. Marjane has contributed to a wholeRead MorePersepolis by Marjane Satrapi970 Words   |  4 Pagesseriousness and importance. In France in 2003, the Iranian-born writer and illustrator, Marjane Satrapi, published her internationally acclaimed autobiographical comic, â€Å"Persepolis.† The novel chronicles her childhood in Tehran from ages six to f ourteen, years that were overshadowed by the displacement of the Shah’s regime, the Islamic Revolution, and war with Iraq. The French contemporary graphic novel explores, from Satrapi’s standpoint, the ways in which Iranian politics of that time disrupted everyday-lifeRead MorePersepolis Assignment1402 Words   |  6 Pages Satrapi states in the introduction of the 2004 Pantheon version of The Complete Persepolis that Iran, an â€Å"old and great civilization[,] has been discussed mostly in connection with fundamentalism, fanaticism, and terrorism.† She expresses that, â€Å"as an Iranian who has lived more than half of [her] life in Iran, [she] know[s] that this image is far from the truth. This is why writing Persepolis was so important to [her]. [She] believe[s] that an entire nation should not be judged by the wrongdoings

Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Leicester

Question: Identify a topic of relevance to your degree discipline, review relevant literature on this topic, develop a research question and identify a suitable methodology for conducting a piece of research to answer this. Answer: The use and misuse of drugs and alcohol is one of the controversial issue in Leicester, UK and is also a source of conflict between all the generations and also between the different communities of the society. Alcohol and drugs are the substances that has a greater harm to the mankind. But its consumption is accepted part of many communities in Leicester. The risky part it is accepted normal by one group and to the other its not. In the later paragraphs the researches are explained in detail. The first research is about the recovery treatment of an addict of alcohol and drugs. Second research is about the perspectives of different people about the consumption of alcohol and drugs and their effect on coming generations. The third research is about the youth getting addicted to drug and alcohol and especially the medical students who are the highest victim of this issue. The fourth research is about ho minimum unit pricing can act as a way to lessen the consumption of alcohol and drug s. After that the analysis and the gaps in the above researches present are also been explained. At last a research question is raised on what is the prime thing that has to be done to resolve this issue. Literature review Alcohol and drug are the main area of research in every country as they are tha cause of major health crisis, crime among most of the youths, adults and the old ones. The usage of alcohol and drugs is classified into abstinent, controlled, impulsive, habitual, dependent. Among these abstinent and controlled are not a reason to worry but others are reasons to be worried. Recovery from the addiction is a major thing that is to be carried out now as the number of victims and the amount of consumption is increasing day by day. All the generations are consuming either alcohol or drugs in certain amount, so finding a way out for recovery could definitely be of great help. The people in UK and other countries have different perceptions on the drug and alcohol use. The different perceptions are so that in some consumption is normal but for some its a crime and an act of sin. So this is what to be done to change their minds. The habit of drinking and taking drugs is caused due to various fact ors. Stress, anxiety and personality are the features that are associated to alcohol and drug use . In UK and other countries it is seen that alcohol and drug are very much prevalent in young students and especially the university students who have not crossed the limit age of consumption. This has lead to provisions to provide better health Care and educational facilities in universities (Ghodse, A.H., Howse, K., 1994). There are positive links that has been found alcohol intake and experiences like missing schools, involving in a fight and arguments. There are also links between the personal characters like psychoticism and alcohol and drug intake. Research one along with its methodology A research was conducted to find out the recovery from drug and alcohol dependence. For this purpose the Inter Ministerial Group on Drugs requested ACMD to provide evidences to recover the victims of alcohol and drugs (Anglin, 1997). Upon this invitation a recovery committee was formed in Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. This recovery committee is aimed to perform research on drugs recovery and it is to provide evidence based advices to the government on recovery and independence of alcohol and drugs. It also provide best measures prevent the misuse and harms. This is done by the researched out 13 themes provided by ACMD that gives instant recovery (Chartered Institute of Housing, 2012). The main idea behind this is dependence and recovery which is gained by carers and the family, communication involving stigma and the media, criminal justice, providing education to the adult, schools and high schools, training, employment, housing, natural processes, recovery community, soci al care, substance misuse treatments and providing personal finances. In this the recovery of the capital was a bid issues that was found out. The results was that the recovery process was found out to be complex and rarely a process that is linear. The path to overcome dependence from the drugs and alcohol, reintegrating into society and achieving a level of well being and social status is highly specific to the individuals. The recovery is more dependent on the individual itself, the dependence severity, the individual capital of recovery, support gained from the treatment service, engaging in the mutual aid and the external atmosphere and the social circle in which the individual is living before and during the process of recovery (Livingston JD et al, 2011). The ACMD is still performing a lot of research to give the society practical and evidence based support and advises so as to improve the results of recovery particularly on the victims and the local systems. Research two along with it methodology A research was performed on the perceptions of drug use within a Bengali community in UK. The research was set up to identify the perspectives and knowledge of the usage of drug in the Bangladeshi origin population in the Leicester, UK. This study was performed in local mosque and communities and the resource center for the getting the subjects. Evidences say that the illegal drug consumption is increasing in this community. The main reason which was found out to be was the low education among these peoples. For this research a triangulated approach which utilized literature reviews, self administrated questionnaires and one to one interview (White, 2001). The written and self completed answers to the questions asked was found to be problematic but was seen to be a pragmatic way of gathering up the quantitative data. The local community, the academic agency and other professional advices were sought and the data was collected from the individuals so as to perform the study (Ford, 200 4). The participants were the Bengalis and the British Bengalis males and females. They were given the questionaries and the data was collected from them only.The result that came out was not that good. Only 16.5% that is 66 questionnaires were returned from 46 males and 20 females. The qualitative interview with few of the communities leaders tells that the drugs is a problem that is existing in their community and especially in the young and adolescent groups and other thing was that to gain support and help regarding this was a big problem for them. So if these perceptions are understood properly then appropriate services are to be provided to them accordingly based on their cultural aspects (Carey, 2000). This type of part also occurs in various other communities residing in Leicester, UK. The male, females and young ones all are the victims of drugs. So keeping in my mind further researches must be continued. Keeping in my mind the aspects of cultural value, cultural conflicts and the acculturation and the religious factor must be understood. The research should be performed to make all these communities free from the illegal drug usage. Alcohol consumption is increased about 80% from last decades. The death rate has also increased in these years enormously. Taking this in to account a research paper was published based on the research evidence on the minimum prices of alcohol. It takes in to account the current number of deaths that occurs in UK every year due to alcohol consumption (Stockwell et al, 2005). A research study was performed to check up the factors influencing the drug and alcohol use on the medical students. This study was performed on anonymous medical student studying in first year. For this a questionnaire was prepared. It involved questions relating to lifestyles, personality characters, tobacco, alcohol use, drug use, sports and activity participation and sleep patterns (Miller, P., Plant, M., 1996). They were also asked to tell the quantity of their consumption on weekly basis. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale was utilized to find anxiety and depression levels. If a score of eight and above is given it tells possible levels of anxiety and depression. In the questionnaires there were 30 questions relating to measure the psychological stress, 90 questions that were related to assess personality behavior. There were also questions that related to the lifestyle questions. A teaching session was carried out and the attendance was checked. To assess this minitab s oftware was used to analyze the datas. The relationship between the variables was checked using X2 tests. The relationship was assessed between different variables. It was assessed by t test, spearman test, regression analysis, Barlett test and correlation and variance tests.The result was that only 10% of the students didnt consumed alcohol. The smoking patterns were to be 9%. Cannabis was the drug taken by most of them for pleasure and curiosity. The use of antidepressant and tranquiller was reported for one man and one woman. A significant proportion of students suffered from anxiety and depression. Out of these 29% were men and 39% were women. The physical exercise daily, twice or weekly by all the men and women. The resulted showed high consumption of alcohol and drug in some groups and in some very less consumption (File, S.E., Mabbutt, P.S., Schaffer, J., 1994). The factors like anxiety, depression, experimentation and curiosity influence a lot to arouse a habit like this. Th e researches tells the universities should employ more levels of health care and alcohol and drug education to all the students in order to improve their habits and make them aware about the ill effects. Research is still going to find out the ways to remove this influencing factors from society. The psychotic level is also some what more responsible for such consumptions. Research three along with its methodology The research was done to rule out the negative impacts of heavy consumption in UK and provide evidences so as to support minimum unit pricing as a important tool to overcome this problem. In the last decades the alcohol is 45% more affordable to the people. The research as done to increase the MUP of alcohol so that it becomes a way to minimize the use. The research was conducted and it was seen that as the MUP increases the consumption by most of the consumers goes low that include the harmful and hazardous drinkers. So it was seen when the consumption is declined then the harms related to alcohol consumption is also declined in the society. This was done by using up a sheiffolds model which states if a average consumer pays ten dollors extra then in a year he/she will consume 7% less alcohol in the whole year (Wagenaar et al, 2009). A uncontrolled consumer would probably reduce 254 units of alcohol in a year and would save 165 dollars for himself. It will also cause reductions in death rate annually by 349 less death, 24100 less hospitalization and less amount of crimes. This would also bring about an increase in countrys economy by many folds. In UK the rate per unit of alcohol now is 20p to 40p per unit that is even lesser than milk. So, after this research the government of UK is planning to raise the minimum unit pricing of al cohol and make it 45p for the peoples. This is done for the public health care and public safety. The government is still finding more and more evidences related to this to carry out an appropriate minimum unit pricing and to decrease the number of death and the alcohol consumers in UK. The gaps in the research findings explained for every research From all the findings provided above it can be said that the alcohol and drug use has become a public health crisis and a prime concern for the people of UK and for the government of UK. In the first research that was performed for recovery from the alcohol and drug use it can be said that the evidences found out for recovery focuses on the individual and the capital they have to carry out the recovery treatment (White WL and Finch A, 2006). The gaps can be seen in cases were the individuals and their families does not have money to carry out the recovery process. So it can be recommended that government should male policy so as to provide free recovery treatment to the extremely poor people and a reduction in the treatment for the ones who are from average families. In the second research the perceptive of different community is analyzed to a certain extent. The Bengali community is an illiterate community with minimum amount of knowledge about drug and alcohol use. So in this the g ap can be filled by making out plans and educational policies for free to the people and tell them about the harms and hazards of drugs and alcohol. They can also be convinced to explain their children not to adapt this habit as it is a harmful for them. In this way the consumption among the youth can also be reduced. In the third research which is about the usage in medical universities. The government can ask the university to make up a policy that the students are not allowed to attend the classes if they have consumed alcohol. They should be strict laws and the students should also be fined if they do such acts and consume alcohol in the premises and or come to premises after consuming alcohol. In the forth research the MUP is taken in to account. For this government should plan out the MUP for alcohol and could take this as a means of improving the health e public. Question raised by analyzing all the researches In all these researches the research question is how to convince the youth and the old generations to minimize the use of alcohol and drugs by explaining them the hazards to health and providing them data of the deaths and harms that are done to individuals and the society as well. This question should be addressed by the researches and the government of UK. They should plan out ways and find out evidences to educated and convince the individuals not to consume alcohol and drug by providing realistic examples and adequate knowledge. Research question here basically gives importance to the youth as they are the only ones who will shape the future of the UK and the economic rate of the country. Conclusion Summing up it can be said the alcohol and drug use are seen to be increasing in the society from last decades and particularly in the youth. Huge amount of researches gives the evidences about recovery, usage and harm done to the individuals. But still many things are left that has to be carried out by the communities and the government ads well. The future criteria should be made a such to protect especially the youth from the addiction and the crime rate done by these consumers of alcohol and drugs. The researches should be focused and evidence based to have maximum results and positive outcomes. References Anglin MD, Hser Y-I and Grella CE (1997) Drug Addiction and Treatment Careers among clients in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp308-323 Anonymous, 1995. Alcohol and the young, Summary of a report of a joint working party of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Paediatric Association. J. R. Coll. Physicians London 29 (6), 470474. Carey SF.Drug use amongst Bangladeshi youths on the Ocean estate. Final report.London: Community Partnership; 2000. Looking for the buzz: Heroin-the drug of choice Chartered Institute of Housing (CIH) (2012) The role of housing in drugs recovery: A practice compendium. Coventry: CIH Department of Health, 1995. Sensible Drinking. The Report of an Inter-Departmental Working Group. HMSO, London. Ford R. Teenagers are targeted in drive against yob culture.The Times.2004. pp. 13. File, S.E., Mabbutt, P.S., Schaffer, J., 1994. Alcohol consumption and lifestyle in medical students. J. Psychopharmacol. 8, 2226 Ghodse, A.H., Howse, K., 1994. Substance use of medical students: a nationwide survey. Health Trends 26, 8588 Leicestershire County Council Race Equality Scheme 2005-2007. 2005. Livingston JD et al. (2011) The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: a systematic review. Addiction, Volume 107, Issue 1, pages 3950, January 2012 Miller, P., Plant, M., 1996. Drinking, smoking and illicit drug use among 15 and 16 year olds in the United Kingdom. Br. Med. J. 313, 394397. Stockwell T, Auld MC, Zhao JH, Martin G. (2012) Does minimum pricing reduce alcohol consumption?The experience of a Canadian province. Addiction, 107(5). Wagenaar AC, SaloisMJ ,and KomroKA(2009) Effects of beverage alcohol price and taxlevels On drinking:a meta H analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies. Addiction,104(2) White WL and Finch A (2006) The recovery school movement: Its history and future, Counselor, 7(2), pp54-58 White R. Heroin use, ethnicity and the environment: The case of the London Bangladeshi community.Addiction.2001;96:181524. World Health Organisation (1992) ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organisation